publications

Journal articles

2025

1. arXiv

   

   Statistical analysis of pQCD energy loss across system size, flavor, \(\sqrt{s_{NN}}\), and \(p_T\)

   Coleridge Faraday and W. A. Horowitz

   Submitted to JHEP, May 2025

   Abs arXiv InspireHEP

   We present suppression predictions from our pQCD-based energy loss model, which receives small system size corrections, for high-\(p_T\) \(\pi\), \(D\) and \(B\) meson \(R_{AB}\) as a function of centrality, flavor, \(\sqrt{s_{NN}}\), and \(p_T\) from large to small collision systems at RHIC and LHC. A statistical analysis is used to constrain the effective strong coupling in our model to available high-\(p_T\) suppression data from central heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC, yielding good agreement with all available data. We estimate two important theoretical uncertainties in our model, stemming from: the transition between vacuum and hard thermal loop propagators in the collisional energy loss, and from the angular cutoff on the radiated gluon momentum. We find, consistently, that the extracted \(\alpha_s\) remains relatively unchanged across heavy- and light-flavor final states and across central, semi-central, and peripheral collisions. We make predictions from our large-system-constrained model for small systems and find good agreement with photon-normalized \(R^{\pi^0}_{d \text{Au}} \simeq 0.75\) in \(0-5\%\) centrality \(d\) + Au collisions by PHENIX. However, we find strong disagreement with the measured \(R^{h^{\pm}}_{p \text{Pb}} \gtrsim 1\) in \(0-5\%\) centrality \(p\) + Pb collisions by ALICE and ATLAS; we argue that this disagreement is due, in large part, to centrality bias. We make predictions for the ratio of suppression in \({}^3\)He + Au and \(p\) + Au collisions, which may in the future be used to disentangle final- from initial-state suppression in small systems. We then compare our results to various subsets of data, which allows us to estimate the preferred: low-\(p_T\) scale at which non-perturbative processes become important, scales at which the strong coupling runs, and scale at which vacuum propagators transition to thermally modified propagators in collisional energy loss.

2. PRC

   

   Collisional and radiative energy loss in small systems

   Coleridge Faraday and W. A. Horowitz

   Phys. Rev. C, May 2025

   Abs DOI arXiv InspireHEP

   We present an energy loss model which includes small system size corrections to both the radiative and elastic energy loss. Our model is used to compute the nuclear modification factor \(R_{AB}\) of light and heavy flavor hadrons, averaged over realistic collision geometries for central and peripheral \(A+A\) and central \(p / d / {}^3\text{He} + A\) collisions at LHC and RHIC. We find that the predicted suppression in small systems is almost entirely due to elastic energy loss. Our results are keenly sensitive to the crossover between elastic energy loss calculated with hard thermal loop propagators and vacuum propagators, respectively, which leads to a large theoretical uncertainty. We find that the \(R_{AB}\) is largely insensitive to the form of the elastic energy loss distribution - Gaussian or Poisson - surprisingly so in small systems where the central limit theorem is inapplicable. We present an expansion of the \(R_{AB}\) in terms of the moments of the energy loss probability distribution, which allows for a rigorous understanding of the dependence of the \(R_{AB}\) on the underlying energy loss distribution.

3. PLB

   

   A unified description of small, peripheral, and large system suppression data from pQCD

   Coleridge Faraday and W. A. Horowitz

   Phys. Lett. B, Mar 2025

   Abs DOI arXiv InspireHEP

   We present quantitative predictions for the nuclear modification factor in both small and peripheral systems from a pQCD-based energy loss model that is constrained by light- and heavy-flavor suppression data from central heavy-ion collisions. We find nearly identical suppression for central \(p / d + A\) collisions as for peripheral \(A + A\) collisions, quantitatively consistent with the measured 20% suppression of neutral pions produced in \(d + \mathrm{Au}\) collisions by PHENIX, but dramatically inconsistent with the measured 20% enhancement of charged hadrons produced in \(p + \mathrm{Pb}\) collisions by ATLAS. We demonstrate that this equivalence of central small system suppression and peripheral large system suppression is insensitive to the underlying energy loss model.

2023

1. EPJ C

   

   Inconsistencies in, and short pathlength correction to, \(R_{AA}(p_T)\) in \(\textrm{A}+\textrm{A}\) and \(\textrm{p} + \textrm{A}\) collisions

   Coleridge Faraday, Antonia Grindrod, and W. A. Horowitz

   Eur. Phys. J. C, Nov 2023

   Abs DOI arXiv InspireHEP

   We present the first leading hadron suppression predictions in \(\mathrm{Pb}+\mathrm{Pb}\) and \(\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{Pb}\) collisions from a convolved radiative and collisional energy loss model in which partons propagate through a realistic background and in which the inelastic energy loss receives a short pathlength correction. We find that the short pathlength correction is small for \(D\) and \(B\) meson \(R_{AA}(p_T)\) in both \(\mathrm{Pb}+\mathrm{Pb}\) and \(\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{Pb}\) collisions. However the short pathlength correction leads to a surprisingly large reduction in suppression for \(\pi\) mesons in \(\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{Pb}\) and even \(\mathrm{Pb}+\mathrm{Pb}\) collisions. We systematically check the consistency of the assumptions used in the radiative energy loss derivation - such as collinearity, softness, and large formation time - with the final numerical model. While collinearity and softness are self-consistently satisfied in the final numerics, we find that the large formation time approximation breaks down at modest to high momenta \(p_T \gtrsim 30\) GeV. We find that both the size of the small pathlength correction to \(R_{AA}(p_T)\) and the \(p_T\) at which the large formation time assumption breaks down are acutely sensitive to the chosen distribution of scattering centers in the plasma.

Conference proceedings

2025

1. SQM2024

   

   Heavy Flavour Energy Loss in Small and Large Systems

   Coleridge Faraday and W. A. Horowitz

   In EPJ Web Conf., Jan 2025

   Contribution to SQM2024

   Abs DOI arXiv InspireHEP

   We present suppression results for high-\(p_T\) \(D\) and \(\pi\) mesons produced in \(p / d + A\) and \(A+A\) collisions at RHIC and LHC. These results are computed using a convolved elastic and radiative energy loss model, which receives small system size corrections to both the elastic and radiative energy loss. We observe that suppression in small systems is almost entirely due to elastic energy loss; furthermore, we find that our model is acutely sensitive to the transition between hard thermal loop and vacuum propagators in the elastic energy loss. Finally, we consider the central limit theorem approximation, which is commonly used to model the elastic energy loss distribution as Gaussian.

2024

1. SAIP2024

   

   Modeling the Geometry of the Quark Gluon Plasma

   Ben Bert, Coleridge Faraday, and W. A. Horowitz

   In 68th Annual Conference of the South African Institute of Physics, Dec 2024

   Contribution to SAIP 2024

   Abs PDF

   We extend the Djordjevic-Gyulassy-Levai-Vitev (DGLV) model, which describes jet energy dissipation in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a phenomenon observed in high-energy particle collisions at the LHC and RHIC. Derived from perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD), the model presents complex challenges in extracting observable predictions. Our goal is to simplify the QGP’s geometry while maintaining accuracy, enabling quantitative predictions comparable to experimental data. The focus is on capturing both hydrodynamic and geometric features of the QGP, with a simplification that allows numerical models to converge efficiently.

2. SAIP2024

   

   Energy Loss in Small Quark Gluon Plasmas

   Coleridge Faraday and W. A. Horowitz

   In 68th Annual Conference of the South African Institute of Physics, Dec 2024

   Contribution to SAIP 2024

   Abs PDF

   The Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) is a novel state of matter which last occurred naturally only microseconds after the Big Bang. It is well understood that the QGP is formed in heavy-ion collisions at particle colliders such as the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC); however, more recently there have been experimental signatures of QGP formation in small systems including proton heavy-ion and even proton proton collisions. We present a model for energy loss of high momentum particles based on perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (pQCD), which includes small system size corrections to both the collisional and radiative energy loss. We make quantitative comparisons with suppression measurements of pions produced in central \(p + \mathrm{Pb}\) and Pb + Pb collisions at the LHC, and \(d + \mathrm{Au}\) and Au + Au collisions at RHIC. We discuss an uncertainty present in our model in the elastic energy loss sector, which is related to the crossover between Hard Thermal Loop (HTL) and vacuum propagators. Finally, we consider the applicability of the central limit theorem which is typically used to approximate the elastic energy loss distribution as a Gaussian distribution.

3. QM2023

   

   High-pT suppression in small systems

   Coleridge Faraday and W. A. Horowitz

   In EPJ Web Conf., Jun 2024

   Contribution to Quark Matter 2023

   Abs DOI arXiv InspireHEP

   We present first results for leading hadron suppression in small collision systems, from a convolved radiative and collisional pQCD energy loss model which receives a short path length correction to the radiative energy loss. We find that the short path length correction is exceptionally large for light flavor final states in both small and large collision systems, due to the disproportionate size of the correction for gluons. We examine various assumptions underlying the energy loss model through the calculation of energy loss weighted expectation values of ratios assumed small by the various assumptions. This calculation shows that the large formation time assumption, which is utilized by most contemporary energy loss models, is invalid for a large portion of the phenomenologically relevant parameter space.

4. HP2023

   

   Energy Loss in Small Collision Systems

   Coleridge Faraday and William Horowitz

   In PoS, Feb 2024

   Contribution to Hard Probes 2023

   Abs DOI arXiv InspireHEP

   We present leading hadron suppression predictions in \(Pb+Pb\) and \(p+Pb\) collisions from a convolved radiative and collisional energy loss model in which partons propagate through a realistic background, and in which the radiative energy loss receives a short pathlength correction. We find that the short pathlength correction is small for \(D\) meson \(R_{AA}(p_T)\) in both \(Pb+Pb\) and \(p+Pb\) collisions. However the short pathlength correction leads to a surprisingly large reduction in suppression for \(\pi\) mesons in \(p+Pb\) and even \(Pb+Pb\) collisions, providing a qualitative explanation for the rapid rise in \(\pi\) meson \(R_{AA}(p_T)\) at the LHC. We find that the size of the short pathlength correction to \(R_{AA}(p_T)\) is acutely sensitive to the chosen distribution of scattering centers in the plasma. Furthermore we find that conventional elastic energy loss models, which apply the central limit theorem to the number of scatterings, dramatically overpredict suppression in \(\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{A}\) collisions, calling for short pathlength corrections to elastic energy loss.

2023

1. SAIP2023

   

   Assumption Breakdown in Radiative Energy Loss

   Coleridge Faraday and W. A. Horowitz

   In 67th Annual Conference of the South African Institute of Physics, Sep 2023

   Contribution to SAIP 2023

   Abs arXiv InspireHEP

   We show that an integral assumption in DGLV radiative energy loss - the large formation time assumption - is violated at high-\(p_T\) for phenomenologically relevant parameters. We further investigate the phenomenological impact of placing a new kinematic bound on the radiated gluon transverse momentum, which ensures that there are no contributions to the energy loss from regions of parameter space that violate the large formation time assumption. We find that this places a large sensitivity on the exact kinematic cutoff used, similar to the known collinear cutoff sensitivity, indicating the theoretical need for a rederivation of DGLV radiative energy with the large formation time assumption relaxed in order to make rigorous predictions. We additionally find that this large formation time cutoff dramatically reduces the size of a short pathlength correction to the DGLV radiative energy loss, which is of phenomenological interest in predicting suppression in small \(p +A\) systems. We compute the phenomenological predictions utilizing this large formation time cutoff in both \(p+A\) and \(A+A\) collisions at the LHC, in a convolved radiative and elastic energy loss model.

Masters thesis

2024

1. Energy loss and theoretical uncertainties in small quark-gluon plasmas

   Coleridge Faraday

   Supervised by W. A. Horowitz, University of Cape Town, Dec 2024

   Abs arXiv InspireHEP

   We present a perturbative-quantum-chromodynamics-based energy loss model with small system size corrections to both radiative and elastic energy loss, incorporating realistic collision geometry, production spectra, and fragmentation. We use the Djordjevic-Gyulassy-Levai-Vitev (DGLV) radiative energy loss model and add back in previously neglected terms suppressed by system size. This small system size correction, derived by Kolbe and Horowitz, is large for high-momentum pions, raising concerns about key approximations in the radiative energy loss. We analyse the self-consistency of these approximations, finding that a particular approximation - the large formation time approximation - is not satisfied self-consistently within the model. We explore a kinematic cutoff on the transverse radiated gluon momentum, which restores the self-consistency of this approximation, but at the cost of an increased sensitivity to the exact cutoff chosen. We investigate the common application of the central limit theorem to approximate the elastic energy loss as a Gaussian distribution. Our results are insensitive to this approximation - understood not by many scatterings, but rather from an expansion of \(R_{AA}\) in terms of moments of the energy loss probability distributions. We also explore uncertainty from the crossover between hard thermal loop and vacuum propagators. We perform a one-parameter fit of the strong coupling \(\alpha_s\) to RHIC and LHC large-system data, accounting for two important theoretical uncertainties. Most uncertainties can be absorbed into a shift in \(\alpha_s\), but residual uncertainty bands remain. Differences in elastic energy loss persist even after the fit, producing distinct \(p_T\) and system size dependencies. We show model predictions for \(p / d / {}^3 \text{He} + A\) collisions, finding agreement with RHIC small system data but disagreement with LHC results.